ScenaRio 2012 : Youth and Sustainable Development

The June 2012 United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development (UNCSD, Rio+20) will constitute a milestone in the international agenda.  The decisions that will be taken there with respect    to  the  green  economy,  eradication  of   poverty   and governance of sustainable development will continue to commit all the stakeholders (states, local communities, businesses, NGOs,  individuals,  etc.)  to following a path that leads towards progress that    is more respectful of the great balances between environmental, economic and social factors.

The globalisation movement is unprecedented and has coincided with a similarly unmatched phenomenon of urbanisation. As of today, half of the world’s people live in towns and cities. Planetary urbanization presents new challenges to the environment, while offering at the same time a promising source of solutions. The issue is to identify the conditions in which the world’s population, primarily urban dwellers, can pursue their material development while respecting human dignity and the generations to come.

Twenty years after the first Rio Conference, which gathered more than 100 Heads  of  State  and  was  the origin of conventions on climate change and biodiversity, Rio+20 is the occasion to restate the importance of these issues, to make known the state of global awareness and to reaffirm the need for a universal commitment.

Young people aged between 16 and 29 make up almost a quarter of the world’s population. They are the youth of the planet and as such are a vital part of humankind. What distinguishes the new generation is its acute sense of belonging to a planetary community that shares the same fate. More than a billion people, mostly young, use social media and make a major contribution to ensuring that every crisis, whether social, economic or environmental, becomes a topic of worldwide discussion.

With the opening of Rio+20 it is therefore essential  to shed fresh light on the expectations of the world’s youth with respect of sustainable development. For this purpose, Nomadéis and Fondapol joined forces to create ScenaRio 2012 to carry out the first worldwide survey making it possible to listen to the voice of young people with regard to sustainable development.

We were delighted to be sponsored by the United Nations and a range of partners, institutions, corporations and foundations. The survey was conducted on an unprecedented scale. We collected the views of 30.000 young people aged between 16 and 29 from 30 different countries on five continents.

At the same time we asked 100 prominent people with  an  intellectual  or   professional   commitment at the global level to let us share their vision of the issues linking the environment, development and governance with a view to preparing the ground together for the Rio+20 Conference.

Young people have a full understanding of today’s world; they know how to identify  what  promises  and opportunities it holds. They advocate  for  an ideal world but they do not live outside present day realities: access to education, housing, jobs,  water and energy services, etc. Aware that tensions over the environment are often the product of a clash between the ideal world and reality, they express their wish for increased protection of natural resources while supporting a vision of human reality that places greater emphasis on quality and rejects the idea that progress is simply a matter of economic growth or technological innovation.

The world’s youth wish to  experience  the  benefits of development in its multiple forms. This implies taking into account territorial, political and cultural specificities.

This publication, to be presented at the Rio+20 Conference on the occasion of a number of official events organised with our United Nations partners¹, suggests a number of paths to be explored. It seeks in particular to initiate a dialogue between generations, highlighting the views expressed by young  people and backing them up with quotations from interviews conducted with 100 prominent people who have rallied around our  cause  and  actively  participated in our initiative. This study is published in five languages and demonstrates our determination to promote thought and discussion not only at a global level but also in the setting of the new world. It will be expanded in a more developed publication that we will produce before the end of the year.

Young people and sustainable development? It’s hard to imagine a more fundamental issue.

Aware of the bias inherent in each collection method, we decided to present in this publication the data collected face-to-face separately from those collected electronically. Each of the three chapters will therefore encompass an insert devoted  to  the  answers  given  by the individuals from the five countries mentioned above, while the online data will be presented in the body of the publication.

The objective of the study was to piece together representative samples in terms of age, gender or geographic region in each country. However, we must admit that the samples taken in emerging countries mainly represent a wealthier segment of the population. This particularly applies to the young people who took the survey online. In these countries the respondents are more likely to belong to the social classes that have the most contact with globalisation.

The survey investigates questions of opinion and intention rather than behavior. To compare behavioral patterns of the respondents would imply to take infrastructure and environmental policies into account, which vary a great deal from one country to the next. Most of the questions required that the interviewees answer according to a scale consisting of four levels: “totally agree”, “tend to agree”, “tend to disagree”, “totally disagree” (for example, to define a level of agreement). In this document, we present the results that merge the “totally agree” and “tend to agree” answers or the “tend to disagree” and “totally disagree” answers. In other cases, the interviewees were allowed to choose between two or three different responses. For example, we asked them if they  believed  it possible to combine material progress and environmental protection and gave them a choice between a simple “yes” or “no”. Finally, in some questions, participants were able to choose several options and could rank their preferences in terms of their first choice and their second choice. For the sake of brevity, the results, at this stage in the analysis, are presented as a percentage of the respondents who chose any particular response, without differentiating between first and second choices. For multiple choice questions, the reader should not be alarmed if the sum of the percentages exceeds 100.

As the goal of this publication, prepared for the Rio+20 Conference, was to present the most significant findings from the ScenaRio 2012 study, the key messages are discussed summarily. The salient points are illustrated with graphs and charts as well as a series of thematic and geographic inserts. The graphs demonstrate the differences between countries; the data they present correspond to either one response among the different available options or a set of responses with similar tendencies, for example “totally agree” and “tend to agree”. For the purpose of clarity, these only show the results gathered online, the data collected through face- to-face interviews appear in the inserts as mentioned above. Even though the text of this paper has been published in five languages (Arabic, Chinese, English, French and Portuguese) the chart titles will only appear in English because of technical formatting constraints. Furthermore, the graphs do not provide country names in order to avoid unnecessary clutter in the illustrations, but the cover of this document has a flap with a reference guide to the flags appearing in the graphs.

Finally, this summary presentation containing the preliminary findings of the quantitative survey has  been supplemented and enhanced by quotations taken from interviews with the  100  personalities  making  up ScenaRio 2012’s special panel. This panel brings together  prominent  representatives  of   ten   spheres of influence: politics, academia, media, business, nonprofit, creation & art, sports, intercultural dialogue, youth empowerment and the United Nations.  The panel was structured according to two guiding principles, male-female parity and geographic balance. The interviews took place either in person or via telephone and e-mail and focused on eight questions regarding the importance of sustainable development. These participants were also encouraged to share their message with young people the world over in the form of a tweet. The complete list of personalities who took part in ScenaRio 2012 as well as each of their messages appear at the end of this publication.

Grazyna MARCINKOWSKA – Research Coordinator at Fondapol.

Les jeunes du monde se considèrent bien informés sur l’état de l’environnement : seule la jeunesse japonaise s’estime majoritairement (66%) mal informée. On peut voir dans cette exception les conséquences de la catastrophe de Fukushima qui, par l’effet de surprise, a pu conduire les Japonais à douter de l’information mise à leur disposition en la matière.

Informés, les répondants jugent que l’état de l’environnement dans le monde est mauvais : c’est le cas par exemple des Chiliens (90%), des Sud-Coréens (79%) ou des Australiens (67%). À l’inverse, l’état de l’environnement est estimé bon par les Indiens (63%), les Chinois (53%) et les Indonésiens (53%). En revanche, tous les répondants s’accordent sur le fait que l’environnement est plus menacé aujourd’hui qu’il ne l’était il y a vingt ans : les niveaux d’adhésion à cette opinion se situent entre 85% (pour les Finlandais) et 97% (pour les Marocains). Enfin, peu de jeunes contestent la réalité de la dégradation de l’environnement : les plus sceptiques, les Norvégiens, ne sont que 18% à dire qu’elle a été surestimée.

While the world’s  youth has no doubt regarding the degradation of the environment, climate change is more open    to debate. 50% of Russians, 43% of Poles, 36% of Americans and 34% of both the British and Norwegians believe global warming to be a false or exaggerated problem. Perhaps this can be explained because it is easier to deny the existence of a phenomenon when one does not feel the direct consequences thereof.

This does not change the fact that climate change is viewed as one of the principal threats to society. Global warming ranks only after poverty and famine, war and terrorism and is considered more pressing than the failure of international finance system or the spread of diseases. Koreans (44%) and Swedes (39%) are most sensitive to climate change.  In the developed world, most of the youth do not feel personally threatened by global warming. This is the case for Germans (55%), Israelis (55%) and Swedes (61%). However, they are still fearful of its effects on future generations. In developing countries, on the other hand, the largest number of survey participants (from 46% in South Africa up  to 62% in Indonesia) state that they are not only fearful of the effects of climate change on their children but also of the effects that they themselves may endure.

Lorsqu’il s’agit de réfléchir sur les effets de la dégradation de l’environnement, la jeunesse du monde exprime une préoccupation pour l’altération du patrimoine naturel plus grande que pour la détérioration de la santé et le développement des maladies : c’est le cas de 58% des Espagnols comme de 78% des Brésiliens. Les jeunesses chinoise et japonaise sont les seules à souligner davantage les conséquences sur la santé humaine (respectivement 54% et 51%). La jeunesse russe est partagée (50%). Ces résultats rejoignent le mécontentement des jeunes en ce qui concerne leur santé. Il est particulièrement élevé en Chine (43%), au Japon (42%) et en Russie (46%).

Dans la majorité des pays, les jeunes estiment que le bien-être animal n’est pas suffisamment pris en compte. C’est particulièrement le cas des Russes (83%), des Coréens (82%) et des Brésiliens (82%). D’autres jeunesses font exception, en estimant que le bien-être animal est suffisamment pris en compte dans leur pays : les Britanniques (62%), les Australiens (61%), les Canadiens (57%), les Finlandais (58%) et les Allemands (53%). Toutefois, ces résultats ne nous permettent pas de savoir si ces réponses traduisent un désintérêt pour la cause animale ou, bien différemment, l’existence dans ces pays d’une meilleure prise en compte du bien-être animal.

Sensibles à l’importance du bien-être animal, les jeunes ne vont cependant pas jusqu’à remettre en cause la consommation de viande ou de poisson, à l’exception d’une minorité d’entre eux, comme, par exemple, 10% des Américains, 14% des Brésiliens et 15% des Sud-Africains ou encore 16% des Allemands. Notons que les jeunes Indiens se distinguent sur ce point : 34% d’entre eux estiment en effet que la consommation de viande ou de poisson leur pose problème au motif que cela fait souffrir les animaux.

What is environmental protection?

Young people most often associate environmental protection with the fight against air and  water  pollution.  Russians (91%) and Poles (84%) are the most likely to think of anti-pollution legislation when they are asked about environmental protection. The fight against global warming is the second most important issue associated with care for the ecosystem. Swedes (71%) and Indians (66%) mention this problem the most. The young people of Latin America are more likely to associate nature conservation with the preservation of biodiversity (as is the case for 73% of Brazilians, 66% of Mexicans and 62% of Chileans), whereas protection of animals is quoted by 59% of Russians and 54% of South Africans. Finally, environmental protection is associated with quality of life by 63% of Moroccans and 60% of Chileans.

À l’exception des Équatoriens, très préoccupés par la protection de la nature, les jeunesses interrogées en face-à-face semblent être indécises quant à l’importance de l’enjeu environnemental. D’une part, 20% des Kényans, 19% des Nigérians, 16% des Malgaches et 13% des Sénégalais (contre seulement 5% des Équatoriens) déclarent que la dégradation de l’environnement a été surestimée ces dernières années ; 13% des Malgaches considèrent que le réchauffement climatique est un faux problème et 23% que ce problème a été exagéré. D’autre part, une majorité des Malgaches (55%), des Kényans (54%), des Sénégalais (51%), ainsi qu’un tiers des Nigérians (33%) redoutent le changement climatique pour eux- mêmes. Il en va de même pour 62% des Équatoriens. La plupart des Malgaches jugent mauvais l’état de l’environnement tant dans le monde que dans leur pays et là où ils habitent. Les jeunes Équatoriens partagent ce jugement, alors que la majorité des Nigérians, Kényans et Sénégalais estime bon l’état de l’environnement.

Cette ambivalence réside peut-être en partie dans une certaine méconnaissance des sujets environnementaux (un Malgache sur deux se dit mal informé sur ces questions), ou bien dans le caractère secondaire de l’enjeu environnemental dans certains pays africains aux prises avec d’autres difficultés, notamment d’ordre socio-économique. Ainsi, quand on leur demande quelles sont les plus grandes menaces pesant sur la société, le changement climatique arrive loin derrière la pauvreté et la famine, voire le chômage (cité par 68% des Nigérians), les pandémies (citées par 44% des Sénégalais) ou le sida (cité par 48% des Kényans).

Com exceção dos equatorianos, muito preocupados com  a  proteção   da   natureza, os jovens entrevistados face a face parecem indecisos quanto à importância da questão ambiental. Por um lado, 20% dos quenianos, 19% dos nigerianos,  16%  dos  malgaches  e 13% dos senegaleses (contra apenas 5% dos equatorianos) declaram que a degradação do meio ambiente foi superestimada nos últimos anos. Dos malgaches,  13 %  consideram que o aquecimento global  é  um  falso  problema e 23% que este problema foi exagerado. Por outro lado, uma maioria de malgaches (55%), de quenianos (54%), de senegaleses (51%), bem como um terço de nigerianos (33%), temem a mudança climática por si próprios. Também é o caso de 62% de equatorianos. A maior parte dos malgaches acha ruim a situação do meio ambiente tanto no mundo quanto no seu país e no lugar em que moram. Os jovens equatorianos são da mesma opinião, ao passo que a maioria dos nigerianos, dos quenianos e dos senegaleses estima que a situação do meio ambiente é boa. Esta ambivalência talvez resida em parte num certo desconhecimento dos assuntos ambientais (um malgache em cada dois considera-se mal informado sobre essas questões) ou  talvez  no caráter secundário da questão ambiental em certos países africanos confrontados com outras dificuldades, notadamente de ordem socioeconômica. Assim, quando inquiridos sobre quais são  as  maiores  ameaças  sobre a sociedade, a mudança climática fica bem para trás da pobreza e da fome, ou mesmo do desemprego (citado por 68% dos nigerianos), das pandemias (citadas por 44% dos senegaleses) ou da AIDS (citada por 48% dos quenianos).

With Ecuadorians as the exception, being very concerned about the protection of nature, the young people surveyed seem to be fairly undecided with regard to the importance of the environment. On the one hand, 20% of Kenyans, 19% of Nigerians, 16% of Malagasy and 13% of Senegalese (compared with only 5% of Ecuadorians) consider that environmental degradation has been overestimated over the past few years; 13% of Malagasy deem  global  warming  to be a false problem and 23% feel that the problem has  been exaggerated. On the other hand, a majority of the Malagasy (55%), Kenyans (54%), Senegalese (51%),  as well as a third of Nigerians (33%) are fearful of the effects that climate change will have on them. This is the same for Ecuadorians, 62% of whom are under  this belief. The majority of the Malagasy believe the environment to be in poor condition in their country as well as in the rest of the world. Young Ecuadorians are in agreement with this sentiment while most Nigerian, Kenyan and Senegalese respondents believe the environment to be in good shape.

This ambivalence arises perhaps in part  due to a lack of knowledge regarding environmental subjects (one out of every two Malagasy claims to be ill-informed with regard to these issues), or perhaps  because  of the secondary importance of environmental issues in certain African countries struggling to overcome other difficulties, such as socio-economic problems.  As such, when asked what they consider to be the greatest threat to society, climate change ranks far behind poverty and famine and even unemployment (quoted by 68% of Nigerians), pandemics (mentioned by 44% of Senegalese) and AIDS (quoted by 48% of Kenyans).

除非常关心保护自然的厄瓜多尔青年外 ， 接 受 面 对 面 调 查 的 年 轻 人 看 起来对环境问题的重要性犹豫不决。一方 面 ， 20%的 肯 尼 亚 青 年 ， 19%的 尼日利亚青年， 16 %的马达加斯加青年和 13%的塞内加尔青年（于此相比， 只 有 5% 厄 瓜 多 尔 青 年 ） 认 为 环 境 恶化问题在近几年中被夸大； 13%的马达 加 斯 加 青 年 认 为 全 球 暖 化 问 题 不存在， 23 %认为全球暖化问题被夸大了。另一方面，大多数的马达加斯加青年（55%）、 肯尼亚青年（54% ）、塞 内 加 尔 青 年 （51% ）以 及 三 分 之 一的 尼 日 利 亚 青 年 （33% ）担 心 全 球 暖化对他们有影响。这一比例在厄瓜多尔青年中高达 62 %。大多数马达加斯加青年认为全球环境以及他们所居住国家和地区的环境状况糟糕。厄瓜多尔青年也持同样看法，相反大多数尼日利亚青年、肯尼亚青年和塞内加尔青年认为环境状况良好。

这 一 矛 盾 认 识 的 原 因 可 能 部 分 在 于对 环 境 问 题 的 不 了 解 （ 一 半 的 马 达加斯加青年自认为对环境问题的认识差） ； 或者是由于在某些非洲国家，环 境 问 题 与 其 他 问 题 ， 特 别 是 社 会经济动乱问题相比，处于次要地位。因此，当向他们问到人类社会所面临的最大威胁有哪些时，全球暖化问题远远排在贫困和饥饿之后，甚至在失业 问 题 （68%的 尼 日 利 亚 青 年 这 样 认为）、流行病（44%的塞内加尔青年这样 认 为 ） 或 艾 滋 病 （48 %的 肯 尼 亚 青年这样认为）之后。

Toutefois, invitée à choisir entre le développement économique et la protection de l’environnement, la jeunesse tranche majoritairement en faveur de l’écologie, même au prix d’un ralentissement économique. À titre d’illustration, 95% des Mexicains, 94% des Marocains, 93% des Chinois, 92% des Chiliens, des Indonésiens ou des Brésiliens privilégient l’environnement par rapport au développement économique. Fait marquant, moins d’un tiers des jeunes Américains (30%) affirment qu’il faut en priorité favoriser le développement économique même si cela nuit à l’environnement. Ce chiffre pourrait témoigner d’un progrès de la préoccupation environnementale aux États-Unis.

No entanto, convidados a escolher entre o desenvolvimento econômico e a proteção ao meio ambiente, os jovens optam majoritariamente pela ecologia, ainda que à custa de uma desaceleração econômica. A título de ilustração, 95% dos mexicanos, 94% dos marroquinos, 93% dos chineses e 92% dos chilenos, dos indonésios ou dos brasileiros priorizam o meio ambiente, não o desenvolvimento econômico. Vale notar que menos de um terço dos jovens americanos (30%) afirma que a prioridade é favorecer o desenvolvimento econômico ainda que isto resulte em danos ao meio ambiente. Esta cifra pode ser sinal de progresso no que diz respeito à preocupação com o meio ambiente nos Estados Unidos.

Signe de son haut degré de préoccupation, la jeunesse mondiale juge acceptable de contraindre les gens à protéger l’environnement. Le niveau d’adhésion à cette option est particulièrement élevé parmi les Italiens, les Indonésiens et les Marocains (88% dans les trois pays), les Mexicains (87%) et les Espagnols (85%). La jeunesse japonaise fait exception (46%).

À la question de savoir quelles sont les meilleures solutions pour satisfaire les besoins énergétiques mondiaux, les jeunes plébiscitent le développement des énergies renouvelables. L’économie d’énergie et la réduction de la consommation constituent la deuxième solution la plus populaire. Les jeunesses russe et marocaine se distinguent en plaçant l’invention de nouvelles sources d’énergie immédiatement après les énergies renouvelables.

Soucieux de l’état de la nature et confiants quant au rôle du progrès dans sa protection, les jeunes semblent opter moins pour une décroissance que pour une croissance verte. C’est pour eux une manière de combiner leur soutien à la croissance économique et leur exigence d’une protection de l’environnement.

Como sinal de seu alto grau de preocupação, a juventude mundial acredita que é aceitável forçar as pessoas a proteger o meio ambiente. O nível de adesão a esta opção é particularmente elevado entre os italianos, os indonésios e os marroquinos (88% nesses três países), os mexicanos (87%) e os espanhóis (85%). Os jovens japoneses são a exceção (46%).

Inquiridos sobre quais são as melhores soluções para satisfazer as necessidades energéticas mundiais, os jovens mostram-se a favor do desenvolvimento de energias renováveis. A economia de energia e a redução do seu consumo constituem a segunda solução mais popular. Os jovens russos e os marroquinos distinguem-se por colocarem a invenção de novas fontes de energia imediatamente depois das energias renováveis.

Preocupados com a situação da natureza e confiantes no papel que o progresso desempenha na sua proteção, os jovens parecem optar menos pela desaceleração econômica do que pelo crescimento verde. Para eles é uma maneira de conciliar apoio ao crescimento econômico e exigência de proteção ao meio ambiente.

On questions regarding the relationship between nature and humanity’s material development, all of the young  people place their priority on environmental protection. However, a relatively significant proportion of Nigerians  (40%) and Kenyans (30%) feel that economic development should have priority even if this is harmful to the environment. This opinion is less likely to be shared by Malagasy (24%), Senegalese (18%) and Ecuadorian (16%) young people.

It should be noted that young Kenyans (55%) and young Ecuadorians (53%) strongly support  the reduction of energy consumption as the most efficient means to meet world energy demands, while other youthful populations   are more likely to opt for the development of renewable energy sources.

就有关自然和人类物质发展的关系问题上，所有的青年都优先考虑保护环境。然而，相当一定数量的尼日利亚青年（40 %）和肯尼亚青年（30 %）认为鼓励经济发展应获优先考虑，即使这样会对环境做成负面影响；持这一观点的青年的比例在马达加斯加（24 %）、 塞内加尔（18 %）和厄瓜多尔（16 %）青年中更小。我们注意到，肯尼亚青年（55 %）和厄瓜多尔青年（ 5 3 % ）认为降低能源消耗是满足全球能源需要的最有效方法，而全球其他青年多认为这一方法应该是发展可再生能源。

Southern Europeans: environmental champions

Southern European young people take climate change seriously. Indeed, 42% of the French and Spaniards as well as 41% of Italians feel as though they themselves are threatened by climate change compared with only 15% of Norwegians, 17% of Finns and 21% of Swedes.

Increasingly worried about environmental conditions, Southern European young people declare that they do not, however, trust people in general to protect the environment (this skepticism being expressed by 53% of Spaniards, 63% of Italians and 69% of French young people). They do not place any more trust in the state in these matters  (82% of Spaniards, 79% of the French and 78% of Italians).

This societal and governmental distrust may be the reason why Southern European young people are overwhelmingly in favor of forcing people to respect the environment (which 85% of Spaniards, 82% of French young people and 88% of Italians think versus 63% of Germans, for example). Furthermore, Southern European young people tend to place more trust in international institutions. Indeed, 56% of Spanish, 53% of French and 57% of Italian young people claim to trust the U.N. for nature conservation. Finally, in each of these three countries almost all of the young people surveyed (93%) react favorably to an international institution specialized in environmental matters being able to verify the effectiveness of the environmental protection measures in place in their countries.

Cidades: quais serviços são essenciais?

Para a pergunta sobre quais serviços as cidades devem oferecer prioritariamente aos seus habitantes, água potável e habitação foram os dois mais comumente citados. Não surpreende a constatação de que o primeiro serviço da lista seja água potável na maioria dos casos. Os franceses, os israelenses, os russos, os marroquinos, os chineses e os nigerianos colocam habitação antes de água potável. Energia é citada pela maioria dos japoneses e por grande parte de alemães, de turcos, de coreanos e de americanos. Por outro lado é grande a quantidade de italianos, de indonésios e de indianos que consideram o tratamento do lixo como um serviço que as cidades deveriam assegurar prioritariamente.

Cities: what will be the essential services of the future?

In response to the question of which services a city should offer as a priority to its inhabitants, drinking water and housing are the two most frequently quoted services. It should not be surprising to find that the first thing people think of is drinking water in a majority of instances. However, the French, Israelis, Russians, Moroccans, the Chinese and Nigerians place housing ahead of drinking water. Energy is mentioned by the majority of Japanese respondents and a large portion of Germans, Turks, Koreans and Americans. Finally, a large number of Italians, Indonesians and Indians consider waste processing to be the most important service that a city should provide.

城市：哪一个是主要服务？

在关于城市应首先向其居民提供何类服务这一问题上，饮用水和住房被最多提及。饮用水在绝大多数国家都排在第一位，这并不让人惊讶。法国、以色列、俄罗斯、摩洛哥、中国和尼日利亚青年把住房放在饮用水之前。大多数日本青年和相当数量的德国青年、土耳其青年、韩国青年和美国青年都提到了能源。相反，相当数量的意大利、印度尼西亚和印度青年把废物处理问题放在城市应向其居民提供的服务之首位。

Ville : quels services essentiels ?

À la question de savoir quels sont les services qu’une ville doit offrir en priorité à ses habitants, l’eau potable et le logement constituent les deux services le plus souvent cités. Il n’est pas surprenant de constater que l’eau potable arrive en tête dans la majorité des cas. Les Français, les Israéliens, les Russes, les Marocains, les Chinois et les Nigérians placent le logement devant l’eau potable. L’énergie est citée par la majorité des Japonais et par une large partie des Allemands, des Turcs, des Coréens et des Américains. En revanche, les Italiens, les Indonésiens et les Indiens sont particulièrement nombreux à considérer le traitement des déchets comme un service que la ville devrait assurer en priorité.

La majorité des jeunes impute la responsabilité de la dégradation de l’environnement aux pays développés plutôt qu’aux pays en développement : les plus nombreux à mettre en cause les pays industrialisés sont les Espagnols et les Chiliens (87%). Cette opinion est également dominante, bien qu’à un niveau moindre, parmi les jeunesses américaine (63%) et russe (69%).

Pour la plupart des jeunes, la dégradation de l’environnement affecte tous les pays de la même manière. Cependant, 62% des Sud-Africains, 54% des Marocains ou des Turcs, ainsi que 51 % des Norvégiens, 48% des Britanniques et 47% des Suédois pensent que les pays les plus pauvres sont les plus directement touchés.

我们的调查结果显示，年轻人能用全球视角来看待环境问题。大多数青年不同意“每个国家都拥有其自然遗产，可以自由地按其意愿使用”这一观点。对这一观点持反对态度的人在日本（82 %）、 西班牙（83 %）和巴西青年（81 %）中尤为突出。相反，俄罗斯（63 %）、 美国（53 %）和印度（52 %）的大多数青年认为每个国家都拥有其自然遗产，可以自由地按其意愿使用。

当被问到，在影响超出国界以及在不同的社会文化和经济金融的条件下，如何确保对环境的保护，青年人似乎更加信任国际组织（联合国）、非政府组织或科学家。

大多数青年也赞成国际专业环保组织有权力检查各国的环保情况。三分之二的挪威青年（67 %）、 以及几乎所有的智利（96 %）、 墨西哥（97 %）和印度尼西亚（97 %）青年都同意这一观点。

The results of our survey show that young people are able to adopt a planetary approach to the environment. Indeed, a majority of young people patently reject the idea that “each country owns its natural heritage and is free to use it   as it wants”. The Japanese, the Spanish and Brazilians are particularly loath to accept this idea and the rejection rate among them is very high (82%, 83% and 81% respectively). The exceptions to this line of thought are the Russians (63%), Americans (53%) and Indians (52%), who believe that, on the contrary, each country does indeed own its natural heritage and is free to use it as it deems fit.

When asked how to best conserve the environment, insofar as the issue does go beyond national borders, socio- cultural differences or economic and financial disparities, young people appear to be more trusting of international institutions (UN), civil society players (NGOs) and scientists.

Most young people would be favorable to the proposition of an international institution specialized in environmental matters being able to verify the effectiveness of the environmental  protection  measures  in each country.  Support for this idea exceeds two-thirds in Norway (67%) and is almost unanimous in Chile (96%), Mexico (97%) and Indonesia (97%).

Como no caso dos jovens nos países em que a enquete foi realizada via internet, os jovens entrevistados face a face consideram a mundialização mais como oportunidade do que como ameaça. É o caso de 88% dos nigerianos, 81% dos senegaleses, 66% dos malgaches e 52% dos equatorianos. Os jovens desses países também veem na globalização uma oportunidade para acelerar o desenvolvimento dos países pobres, mas igualmente para proteger o meio ambiente de forma mais eficaz. A juventude queniana está mais dividida: 43% dos quenianos veem a mundialização como oportunidade; 34% a veem como ameaça; e os demais (quase um quarto) dizem não saber responder a essas perguntas.

Por fim, no Equador, os entrevistados consideram majoritariamente (56%) a globalização como ameaça ao meio ambiente, o que os aproxima dos jovens chilenos, entrevistados via internet, os quais também expressam reservas quanto a esta questão (60%).

Tout comme les jeunes des pays où l’enquête a été administrée par Internet, les jeunesses interrogées en face-à-face considèrent la mondialisation comme une opportunité plutôt qu’une menace. C’est le cas de 88 % des Nigérians, 81% des Sénégalais, 66% des Malgaches et 52% des Équatoriens. De même, les jeunes de ces pays voient dans la globalisation une opportunité pour accélérer le développement des pays pauvres, mais aussi pour mieux protéger l’environnement. La jeunesse kényane est plus partagée : 43% des Kényans regardent la mondialisation comme une opportunité, 34% comme une menace, alors que près d’un quart des jeunes de ce pays déclarent ne pas savoir répondre à ces questions.

Enfin, en Équateur, les répondants considèrent majoritairement (56%) la globalisation comme une menace pour l’environnement, ce qui les rapproche des jeunes Chiliens, interrogés via Internet, eux aussi formulant leurs réserves à ce sujet (60%).

同 参 与 网 上 问 卷 调 查 国 家 的 青 年 一 样 ， 参 与 面 对 面 调 查 的 青 年 也 赞 同 全 球 化所 代 表 的 更 多 是 机 会 而 非 威 胁 ， 如 88 %的 尼 日 利 亚 青 年 、 81 %的 塞 内 加 尔 青年、 66 %的马达加斯加青年和 52 %的厄瓜多尔青年。同样，这些国家的青年人把全球化看作既是贫穷国家发展经济的机遇，也是更好地保护大自然的一个机遇。 看法不统一的主要是肯尼亚青年： 43 %的肯尼亚青年认为全球化是一个机遇， 34 %认为是威胁，另外四分之一的肯尼亚青年则认为对此问题不知道如何回答。

最后，在接受调查的在厄瓜多尔青年中，多数人（56 %）把全球化看作对环境的威胁，这一比例接近通过网络回答问卷的智利青年，他们对这一问题也持保留意见（60 %）。

Les Scandinaves optimistes

De manière surprenante, les Scandinaves font partie des jeunesses les moins préoccupées par l’état de l’environnement. Certes, ils n’en nient pas la dégradation, mais une partie relativement importante ne redoute le réchauffement climatique ni pour elle-même ni pour les générations futures (c’est le cas de 26% des Norvégiens, 24% des Finlandais et 17% des Suédois, contre seulement 11% des Canadiens ou 4% des Coréens). Ces résultats peuvent relever moins d’un écoscepticisme croissant que de l’optimisme qui caractérise le regard que les jeunes Scandinaves portent sur l’avenir de la planète.

Ainsi 83% des Norvégiens, 82% des Suédois et 80% des Finlandais considèrent la mondialisation comme une opportunité. Ils voient même la globalisation comme une opportunité pour protéger l’environnement (70% des Norvégiens, 59% des Suédois et 52% des Finlandais, contre 44% des Allemands et 43% des Espagnols). Seuls 9% des Finlandais et des Norvégiens, et 10% des Suédois considèrent qu’il est déjà trop tard pour remédier au problème du réchauffement climatique, alors que 20% des Allemands et 21% des Français partagent cette vision pessimiste. Les Nordiques expriment massivement leur confiance dans le rôle positif de la science dans la résolution des problèmes environnementaux. Seuls 9% des Finlandais et des Suédois, ainsi que 6% des Norvégiens (contre 21% des jeunes en France et au Japon) estiment que la science constitue un danger pour l’environnement.

Enfin, l’état de la nature dans les pays scandinaves peut également contribuer à leur optimisme : 91% des Finlandais, 75% des Suédois et 71% des Norvégiens jugent bon l’état de l’environnement dans leur pays. Ce n’est le cas que de 23% des Espagnols, 30% des Italiens, ou 49% des Américains.

Escandinavos otimistas

Surpreendentemente, os escandinavos fazem parte dos jovens menos preocupados com a situação do meio ambiente. É verdade que não ignoram sua degradação, mas uma parte relativamente importante deles não teme o aquecimento global nem por si próprios nem pelas gerações futuras (como é o caso de 26% dos noruegueses, 24% dos finlandeses e 17% dos suecos, contra somente 11% dos canadenses ou 4% dos coreanos). Estes resultados podem ser indício menos de um crescente ecocepticismo do que do otimismo que caracteriza a visão que os jovens escandinavos têm do futuro do planeta.

Assim, 83% dos noruegueses, 82% dos suecos e 80% dos finlandeses consideram a mundialização como oportunidade. Chegam mesmo a considerá-la como oportunidade para proteger o meio ambiente (70% dos noruegueses, 59% dos suecos e 52% dos finlandeses, contra 44% dos alemães e 43% dos espanhóis). Apenas 9% dos finlandeses e dos noruegueses e 10% dos suecos consideram que já é tarde demais para remediar o problema do aquecimento global. Partilham do mesmo pessimismo 20% dos alemães e 21% dos franceses. Os nórdicos exprimem em peso sua confiança no papel positivo da ciência na resolução dos problemas ambientais. Apenas 9% dos finlandeses e dos suecos e 6% dos noruegueses (contra 21% dos jovens na França e no Japão) estimam que a ciência constitui um perigo para o meio ambiente.

Por fim, a situação da natureza nos países escandinavos pode igualmente contribuir para seu otimismo: 91% dos finlandeses, 75% dos suecos e 71% dos noruegueses consideram boa a situação do meio ambiente nos seus respectivos países. Este é o caso de não mais do que apenas 23% dos espanhóis, 30% dos italianos ou 49% dos americanos.

Optimistic Scandinavians

More surprisingly perhaps, Scandinavian young people are among the least concerned about the environment. To be  sure, they do not deny worsening conditions, but a significant proportion do not fear global warming, either as it may affect them or future generations (as is the case for 26% of Norwegians, 24% of Finns and 17% of Swedes compared    to merely 11% of Canadians and 4% of Koreans). These results may reveal less of growing eco-skepticism and more of optimism that is characteristic of Scandinavian young people’s perception of the planet’s future.

As such 83% of Norwegians, 82% of Swedes and 80% of Finns believe that globalization is an opportunity. They even go so far as to view globalization as an opportunity for environmental protection (70% of Norwegians, 59% of Swedes and 52% of Finns, versus 44% of Germans and 43% of Spaniards).